thermal and surface changes of dental implants following use of rotary instruments and piezoelectric devices for implantoplasty: an in-vitro study

objective: peri-implantitis is an irreversible inflammatory reaction in the soft and hard tissues around a functional implant . one of the treatment approaches of this disease include smoothing and polishing the rough surface and removing threads on the implants using rotary instruments, which is called implantoplasy. clinicians should perform implantoplasty with caution because it may raise the temperature of the implant body as well as the surrounding bone . this study aimed to compare micromorphology and thermal changes obtained with different rotary instruments and piezoelectric device after implantoplasty.   methods: in this in vitro study 48 intra lock fixture surfaces were processed in 60 seconds with six polishing procedures using 6,12 bladed carbide burs, 90, 30 µm mean-particles-size diamond burs, and piezosurgery inserts ot1 (grain size= 91 µm) and op5 (grain size= 30 µm). these instruments were applied in single or sequences procedures. variations in temperature were recorded every 5 seconds. the roughness of treated surfaces was evaluated with a profilometer for ra1, rz1 (single polish procedures), ra2, and rz2 (sequence polish procedures) parameters. also, surfaces were observed using a field emission scanning electron after each step of implantoplasty.   results: the piezosurgery group showed statistically significant differences with the other two groups ) maximum temperature 1.2 °c ( . no statistically significant differences were observed between the carbide and diamond burs regarding the temperature changes and the temperature decreased from the start point in both groups. the mean ra value in piezoelectric group (1.53 (0.23)) was significantly lower than diamond (2.45 (0.40), p <0.05 ) and carbide (2.10 (0.28) , p <0.05 ) groups. besides, this measure in the carbide group was significantly lower than that of the diamond group (p <0.05 ). rz1 value was significantly greater in diamond and carbide groups compared to piezoelectric group. the results revealed significant differences among the three groups concerning rz2. the minimum rz2 value was seen in piezoelectic group, while the diamond group showed the highest rz2 parameter. conclusion: this in virto study showed that in suitable cooling conditions, implantoplasty with rotary and piezoelectric devices does not produce excessive heat increases which can damage the soft tissue or bone around the affected implant. the piezoelectric device produced smoother surfaces in single or sequence procedures compared to the burs and can be useful for implantoplasy.